Effect of scanning characteristic parameters on surface morphology of selective laser melting 316L
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摘要: 为研究不同扫描特征参数组合对选区激光熔化(selective laser melting, SLM)表面形貌的影响，以316L不锈钢粉末为例，进行介观尺度的单层双道数值模拟研究.基于离散元法建立单层的粉床数值模型.使用流体体积法对粉床受热部分粉末的熔化过程中的熔化、流动和凝固过程进行计算.考虑激光功率、扫描速度和扫描间距3个扫描特征参数，设计并进行正交试验，从熔道形貌特征和熔道宽度2个方面研究所选扫描特征参数对成形件表面的熔道形貌影响.依据数值模拟中的参数进行实际打印及形貌观察试验，验证数值模拟的有效性.结果表明，在313 ~ 500 J/m的线能量密度和50 ~ 90 μm的扫描间距范围内，可以得到平整连续局部缺陷少的熔道形貌，且该区间内的参数组合依次线性对应；对熔道形貌的完整性影响由大到小依次为扫描速度、扫描间距和激光功率.Abstract: In order to study the influence of different scanning characteristic parameters on the surface morphology of selective laser melting (SLM), 316L stainless steel powder was taken as an example to carry out the single-layer and double-track numerical simulation at the mesoscopic scale. Based on the Discrete Element Method, the numerical model of powder bed is established. The Volume of Fluid method is used to calculate the melting, flow and solidification process of heated powder in powder bed. Considering the three scanning characteristic parameters of laser power, scanning speed and scanning spacing, the orthogonal experiment was designed and carried out to study the influence of selected scanning characteristic parameters on the tracks morphology on the surface of the formed part was studied from the two aspects of the tracks morphology and the tracks width.The effectiveness of numerical simulation was verified by actual printing and morphology observation experiments. The results show that in the range of linear energy density of 313 ~ 500 J/m and scanning interval of 50 ~ 90 μm, the morphology of melting tracks with smooth continuous local defects can be obtained, and the parameter combination in this interval is linearly corresponding in turn. In terms of the influence on the integrity of the weld morphology, scanning speed > scanning spacing > laser power.
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图 1 316L热物参数
Figure 1. Theromphysicl parameters of 316L. (a) liquid viscosity; (b) specific heat; (c) thermal conductivity; (d) density
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图 2 数值模拟熔道形貌
Figure 2. Numerical simulation of melt tracks morphology. (a) group No. 1 No. A1B1C1; (b) group No. 2 No. A1B2C2; (c) group No. 3 No. A1B3C3; (d) group No. 4 No. A2B1C2; (e) group No. 5 No. A2B2C3; (f) group No. 6 No. A2B3C1; (g) group No. 7 No. A3B1C3; (h) group No. 8 No. A3B2C1; (i) group No. 9 No. A3B3C2
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图 4 线能量密度(LED)与扫描间距对熔道形貌特征影响
Figure 4. Influence of linear energy density (LED) and scanning spacing on the morphology characteristics of the melt tracks
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图 5 不同扫描间距下的线能量密度与熔宽
Figure 5. Line energy density and melting width under different scanning distances
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图 8 不同参数组合下的成形件表面形貌
Figure 8. Forming surface topography under the different parameters combination conditions. (a) group No. 1 No. A1B1C1; (b) group No. 2 No. A1B2C2; (c) group No. 3 No. A1B3C3; (d) group No. 4 No. A2B1C2; (e) group No. 5 No. A2B2C3; (f) group No. 6 No. A2B3C1; (g) group No. 7 No. A3B1C3; (h) group No. 8 No. A3B2C1; (i) group No. 9 No. A3B3C2
表 1 316L材料参数
Table 1 316L material parameters
固相密度ρ/(kg·m−3) 固相温度T/K 液相温度T/K 沸点温度T/K 熔化潜热Hf /(J·kg−1) 蒸发潜热Hv /(J·kg−1) 表面张力r /(N·m−1) 吸收率A 7 850 1 658 1 723 3 090 2.7 × 105 7.45 × 106 1.6 0.25 
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表 2 正交试验设计
Table 2 Experimental design using orthogonal table
参数变量 A功率P/W B速度v/(m·s−1) C间距S/μm 水平1 200 0.6 50 水平2 250 0.9 70 水平3 300 1.2 90
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表 3 试验参数及编组
Table 3 Experimental parameters and grouping
组号 功率 P/W 速度 v /(m·s−1) 间距 S /μm 编号 1 200 0.6 50 A1B1C1 2 200 0.9 70 A1B2C2 3 200 1.2 90 A1B3C3 4 250 0.6 70 A2B1C2 5 250 0.9 90 A2B2C3 6 250 1.2 50 A2B3C1 7 300 0.6 90 A3B1C3 8 300 0.9 50 A3B2C1 9 300 1.2 70 A3B3C2
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