Effect of yttrium content on microstructure and properties of 2319 aluminum alloy fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing
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摘要: 以不同钇含量的2319铝合金丝材为原材料，采用基于冷金属过渡的电弧增材制造工艺(wire arc addictive manufacturing，WAAM)制备2319铝合金，研究了钇含量对WAAM 2139铝合金的显微组织及力学性能的影响. 结果表明，添加Y元素可明显细化直接沉积态WAAM 2319铝合金的晶粒，细晶强化及第二相强化作用显著，间接影响了时效过程析出的二次析出相θ′的数量，同时，未对直接沉积态WAAM 2319铝合金中气孔缺陷的大小、分布产生显著影响. 随着钇含量的增加，合金凝固过程含钇化合物在晶粒交汇处偏析程度增大，使得合金成分过冷度减小，导致WAAM 2319铝合金的晶粒尺寸呈现先减小后增大的趋势，抗拉强度和屈服强度呈现出先上升后下降趋势，断后伸长率逐渐下降. 当钇含量为0.15%时，WAAM 2319铝合金表现出最优的力学性能，即抗拉强度484 MPa、屈服强度348 MPa和断后伸长率10.5%.Abstract: The wire arc additive manufacturing technology (WAAM) based on cold metal transfer was used to prepare WAAM 2319 aluminum alloys by 2319 aluminum alloy wires with different yttrium (Y) content, and the effect of Y content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WAAM 2139 alloy were investigated. The results show that the grain of as-deposited WAAM 2319 aluminum alloy is obviously refined after adding Y, which has the effects of fine grain strengthening and second phase strengthening, which affected the formation amount of the secondary precipitates θ' in the aging process indirectly. Meanwhile, the size and distribution of pore defects in WAAM 2319 aluminum alloy are not significantly affected with the addition of Y. With the increase of Y content, the degree of segregation of Y-containing compounds at the grain intersection during the solidification process of the alloy increases, which reduces the component undercooling, and resulting in the grain size of WAAM 2319 aluminum alloy decreases and then increases, the tensile strength and yield strength increase and then decrease, and the elongation decreases gradually. When the Y content reaches 0.15%, WAAM 2319 aluminum alloy reaches the optimal value of mechanical properties with tensile strength of 484 MPa, yield strength of 348 MPa and elongation of 10.5%.
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图 2 不同钇含量WAAM 2319铝合金气孔缺陷
Figure 2. Porosity defects of WAAM 2319 aluminum alloy with different Y content. (a) Y00 alloy; (b) Y05 alloy; (c) Y10 alloy; (d) Y15 alloy; (e) Y20 alloy; (f) Y25 alloy
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图 3 不同钇含量WAAM 2319铝合金的直接沉积态显微组织
Figure 3. Microstructure of as-deposited WAAM 2319 aluminum alloy with different Y content. (a) Y00 alloy; (b) Y05 alloy; (c) Y10 alloy; (d) Y15 alloy; (e) Y20 alloy; (f) Y25 alloy
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图 4 不同钇含量WAAM 2319铝合金的晶粒尺寸分布情况
Figure 4. Grain size distribution of WAAM 2319 aluminum alloy with different Y content
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图 5 不同钇含量WAAM 2319铝合金直接沉积态SEM图
Figure 5. SEM of as-deposited WAAM 2319 aluminum alloy with different Y content. (a) Y00 alloy; (b) Y05 alloy; (c) Y10 alloy; (d) Y15 alloy; (e) Y20 alloy; (f) Y25 alloy
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图 6 含钇的WAAM 2319铝合金析出相EDS分析结果
Figure 6. EDS analysis results of precipitated phase of WAAM 2319 aluminum alloy containing Y. (a) intragranular Al2Cu phase; (b) Al2Cu phase at grain boundary; (c) Al6Cu6Y phase at grain boundary
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图 7 不同钇含量WAAM 2319铝合金T6态显微组织
Figure 7. Microstructure of WAAM 2319 aluminum alloy with different Y content after T6 heat treatment. (a) Y00 alloy; (b) Y05 alloy; (c) Y10 alloy; (d) Y15 alloy; (e) Y20 alloy; (f) Y25 alloy
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图 8 不同钇含量WAAM 2319铝合金的析出相形貌
Figure 8. Precipitated phase morphology of WAAM 2319 aluminum alloy with different Y content. (a) Y00 alloy; (b) Y05 alloy; (c) Y10 alloy; (d) Y15 alloy; (e) Y20 alloy; (f) Y25 alloy
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图 9 不同钇含量WAAM 2319铝合金的力学性能
Figure 9. Mechanical properties of WAAM 2319 aluminum alloy with different Y content
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图 10 不同钇含量WAAM 2319铝合金的断口形貌
Figure 10. Fracture morphology of WAAM 2319 aluminum alloy with different Y content. (a) Y00 alloy; (b) Y05 alloy; (c) Y10 alloy; (d) Y15 alloy; (e) Y20 alloy; (f) Y25 alloy
表 1 不同钇含量的2319铝合金丝材的化学成分(质量分数，%)
Table 1 Chemical compositions of 2319 aluminum alloy wire with different Y content
材料 Si Fe Cu Mn Ti Zr V Y Al Y00 0.018 6 0.065 4 6.62 0.262 0.152 0.126 0.096 9 0.001 余量 Y05 0.018 4 0.064 5 6.74 0.281 0.132 0.130 0.087 4 0.047 余量 Y10 0.018 1 0.063 6 6.78 0.284 0.139 0.144 0.083 2 0.098 余量 Y15 0.019 3 0.064 1 6.72 0.284 0.124 0.120 0.080 9 0.149 余量 Y20 0.020 2 0.061 0 6.79 0.282 0.132 0.128 0.088 6 0.196 余量 Y25 0.024 5 0.063 0 6.58 0.268 0.113 0.113 0.069 7 0.243 余量 
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表 2 WAAM 成形过程工艺参数
Table 2 Process parameters of WAAM process
焊接电流I/A 电弧电压U/V 送丝速度vs/(m·min−1) 焊炬移动速度V/(mm·s−1) 保护气体流量Q/(L·min−1) 层间冷却时间t/s 98 11.2 6.5 8 25 60
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表 3 析出相的EDS分析结果
Table 3 EDS analysis results of precipitated phase
位置 元素 质量分数w(%) 原子分数a(%) 晶粒内Al2Cu相 Al 71.66 85.62 Cu 28.34 14.38 晶界处Al2Cu相 Al 71.85 85.74 Cu 28.15 14.26 晶界处Al6Cu6Y相 Al 57.84 77.37 Cu 34.00 19.32 Y 8.16 3.31
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