Effect of parameters on weld formation and porosity of stainless steel in laser oscillating welding
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摘要: 采用激光摆动焊接实现了5 mm厚1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的焊接，获得成形良好、低气孔率的接头.分析了焊接速度、摆动幅值、摆动频率、摆动形式对焊缝成形和气孔率的影响，从匙孔、熔池流动、气泡逸出的角度揭示了工艺参数影响气孔率的主要机理. 结果表明，对于5 mm厚不锈钢激光摆动焊接，适当提高焊接速度和摆动幅值，更利于减小气孔率；激光摆动频率在100 ~ 300 Hz可以兼顾较低气孔率和较好的焊缝成形；“8”形摆动激光可以获得相对较优的焊缝成形，焊缝气孔率最低，达到2.94%；而线性摆动激光获得焊缝成形最差，气孔率最高，达到19.13%.Abstract: Oscillating laser beam was utilized to weld 5 mm thick 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel, and the joint with good appearance and low porosity was obtained. The effects of welding speed, oscillation amplitude, oscillation frequency, and oscillation pattern on weld formation and porosity were analyzed. The main mechanism of porosity suppressing was revealed from the perspectives of keyhole, molten pool flow and bubble overflow. The research results show that appropriately higher value of oscillating amplitude and welding speed were more effective for porosity suppression. There is an optimal range of oscillating frequency to get low porosity. For 5 mm thick stainless steel, when the laser oscillation frequency is 100 − 300 Hz, lower porosity and better weld formation could be obtained. Better weld formation were obtained with the lowest weld porosity of 2.94%, using the “8” shaped oscillating laser. While the worst weld formation was obtained with higher porosity of 19.13% using linear oscillating laser.
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图 3 焊缝成形与气孔情况
Figure 3. Weld formation and porosity. (a) sample A1; (b) sample A2; (c) sample A3
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图 4 摆动幅值对焊缝成形和气孔率的影响
Figure 4. Effects of oscillating amplitude on weld formation and porosity. (a) oscillating amplitude 0.6 mm; (b) oscillating amplitude 0.3 mm
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图 5 不同摆动幅值下匙孔−熔池−气泡间相互作用示意图
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of keyhole−molten pool−bubble interaction with different oscillating amplitude. (a) small oscillating amplitude; (b) large oscillating amplitude
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图 6 摆动频率对焊缝成形和气孔率的影响
Figure 6. Effects of oscillating frequency on weld formation and porosity. (a) sample C1; (b) sample C2; (c) sample C3; (d) sample C4; (e) sample C5
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图 7 不同摆动频率下匙孔−熔池−气泡相互作用示意图
Figure 7. Schematic diagram of keyhole−molten pool−bubble interaction with different oscillating frequencies. (a) small oscillation frequency; (b) medium oscillation frequency; (c) large oscillation frequency
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图 8 摆动形式对焊缝成形与气孔率的影响
Figure 8. Effects of oscillating form on weld formation and porosity. (a)“∞”; (b) linear; (c) circle; (d) “8”
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图 10 不同摆动方式下匙孔−熔池−气泡间相互作用示意图
Figure 10. Schematic diagram of keyhole−molten pool−bubble interaction with different oscillating mode. (a) “∞”; (b) linear; (c) circle; (d) “8”
表 1 1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的化学成分(质量分数，%)
Table 1 Chemical composition of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel
C Cr Ni Mn Ti S P Fe 0.10 18.1 8.44 1.82 0.66 0.03 0.03 余量 
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表 2 焊接工艺参数
Table 2 Welding process parameters
试样
编号激光功率P/kW 焊接速度v/(m·min−1) 离焦量Δf/mm 摆动频率f/Hz 摆动幅值D/mm A1 3.4 1 + 2 400 0.3 A2 3.8 1.5 + 2 400 0.3 A3 4.2 1.8 + 2 400 0.3 B1 4.2 1.8 + 8 100 0.3 B2 4.2 1.8 + 8 100 0.6 C1 4.6 1.8 + 8 80 0.6 C2 4.6 1.8 + 8 100 0.6 C3 4.6 1.8 + 8 300 0.6 C4 4.6 1.8 + 8 500 0.6 C5 4.6 1.8 + 8 700 0.6 D1 ~ D4 4.6 2 + 8 100 0.6
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