Abstract: Two-dimensional materials such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, transition metal dichalcogenides, and black phosphorus have attracted significant attention in the fields of science and industry due to their exceptional properties. These materials demonstrate great potential in applications like sensing, catalysis, and energy storage. Ultrafast laser processing technology, known for its high precision and wide material adaptability, plays a crucial role in the processing and device fabrication of two-dimensional materials, achieving non-destructive or low-damage processing. This technique demonstrates advantages in the reduction of graphene oxide, preparation, ablation, and patterned transfer of graphene. For transition metal dichalcogenides and other two-dimensional materials, ultrafast laser can also effectively induce phase transitions, exfoliation, thinning, and surface deposition. The interaction between ultrafast lasers and two-dimensional materials opens new opportunities in high-tech fields such as micro-nanoelectronics and optoelectronics, with future research focusing on reducing costs, improving the performance of quantum devices, and developing high-performance micro-nano devices.