Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser cladding TC4/Inconel 625/316L stainless steel gradient material
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摘要: 为了提高不锈钢工件的综合性能，采用激光熔覆工艺在不锈钢上制备TC4熔覆层、Inconel 625熔覆层作为过渡层，通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、能谱仪、硬度计、摩擦磨损和电化学测试等研究了TC4熔覆层微观组织、显微硬度、电化学性能和摩擦磨损性能. 结果表明，熔覆层成形质量良好且具有均匀致密的微观组织. 熔覆过程中，由于元素扩散与高温作用发生的共晶反应，熔覆层中生成CrNi2和Ti2Ni增强相，大大提升了熔覆层的硬度与耐磨性；TC4熔覆层磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损与氧化磨损，耐磨性优于基体；TC4熔覆层的腐蚀电流密度小于基体，耐蚀性显著高于基体.Abstract: In order to improve the comprehensive performance of stainless steel workpiece, a TC4 cladding layer was prepared on stainless steel by laser cladding process, with Inconel 625 cladding layer as the transition layer. The microstructure, microhardness, electrochemical properties and tribological properties of TC4 cladding layer were studied. The results show that the cladding layer has high forming quality and uniform and dense microstructure. During the cladding process, the eutectic reaction caused by element diffusion and high temperature leads to the formation of CrNi2 and Ti2Ni reinforced phases in the cladding layer, which has signifcantley improved the hardness and wear resistance of the cladding layer. The wear mechanism of TC4 cladding layer is mainly abrasive wear and oxidation wear, and the wear resistance is better than that of the matrix. The corrosion current density is lower, and the corrosion resistance of TC4 cladding layer is significantly higher than that of the matrix.
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Keywords:
- laser cladding /
- reinforced phase /
- eutectic reaction /
- wear /
- corrosion resistance
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图 1 TC4与Inconel 625熔覆层微观组织
Figure 1. Microstructure of TC4 and Inconel 625 cladding layers. (a) TC4; (b) Inconel 625
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图 2 界面的SEM图像及其元素扩散情况
Figure 2. SEM images of interfaces and its element diffusion. (a) interface of TC4−Inconel 625; (b) line scanning results of TC4−Inconel 625; (c) interface of Inconel 625−316L; (d) line scanning results of Inconel 625−316L
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图 3 TC4/Inconel 625/316L梯度材料XRD图谱
Figure 3. XRD images of TC4/Inconel 625/316L gradient material
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图 4 TC4−Inconel 625界面局部SEM图像
Figure 4. Partially SEM images of TC4−Inconel 625 fusion interfaces. (a) TC4; (b) Inconel 625
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图 6 316L不锈钢与TC4熔覆层的摩擦系数曲线
Figure 6. Coefficient of friction curve of the 316L stainless steel and TC4 cladding layer
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图 7 316L不锈钢与TC4熔覆层磨损形貌
Figure 7. Wear morphology of 316L stainless steel and TC4 cladding layer. (a) 316L stainless steel; (b) TC4 cladding layer
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图 8 316L不锈钢与TC4熔覆层开路电位曲线
Figure 8. Open circuit potential curves of 316L stainless steel and TC4 cladding layer. (a) 316L stainless steel; (b) TC4 cladding layer
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图 9 等效电路图和EIS拟合图
Figure 9. Equivalent circuit diagram and EIS fitting diagram. (a) equivalent circuit diagram of TC4 cladding layer; (b) equivalent circuit diagram of 316L stainless steel; (c) EIS fitting diagram of TC4 cladding layer; (d) EIS fitting diagram of 316L stainless steel
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图 10 TC4熔覆层与316L不锈钢的极化曲线
Figure 10. Polarization curves of TC4 cladding layer and substrate. (a) TC4 cladding layer; (b) 316L stainless steel
表 1 基体和熔覆粉末的化学成分(质量分数，%)
Table 1 Chemical compositions of substrate and cladding materials
材料 C Al Cr Ni Nb Mo V Fe Ti 316L 0.03 — 16 ~ 18 10 ~ 14 — 2 ~ 3 — 余量 — Inconel 625 0.03 — 20.21 余量 3.27 9.22 — 2.64 — TC4 <0.10 5.50 ~ 6.70 0.04 0.01 — — 3.45 ~ 4.50 ＜0.25 余量 
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表 2 激光熔覆参数
Table 2 Laser cladding parameters
熔覆金属 光斑直径
D/mm扫描速度
v/(mm·s−1)送粉角度
θ/(°)送粉速度
vs/(g·min-1)Inconel 625 5 5.5 75 70 TC4 2 18 75 90
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表 3 点1的EDS分析结果(原子分数，%)
Table 3 EDS analysis results of point 1
Al Ti V Ni Nb Mo 11.7 55.72 1.04 26.42 0.37 4.75
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表 4 点2的EDS分析结果(原子分数，%)
Table 4 EDS analysis results of point 2
Cr Mn Si Ni Nb Mo 6.03 19.79 29.51 15.20 20.90 8.57
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表 5 316L不锈钢与TC4熔覆层磨损表面EDS元素分析(质量分数，%)
Table 5 EDS elements analysis of wear surface of 316L stainless steel and TC4 cladding layer
表面 Ti Al Cr Ni Fe O TC4 熔覆层 36.00 3.61 1.46 3.87 — 55.06 316L不锈钢 — — 8.40 1.60 70.43 19.57
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表 6 316L不锈钢EIS 拟合参数
Table 6 EIS fitting parameter table of 316L stainless steel
腐蚀液体系
中的s阻值
R4/（Ω·cm2）腐蚀层的电荷
转移电阻
R5/（Ω·cm2）常相位器件的电容
Q/（10−3F·cm2）CPE2-T CPE2-P 7.317 5 616 1.024 3 781.39
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表 7 TC4熔覆层 EIS 拟合参数
Table 7 EIS fitting parameter table of TC4 cladding layer
腐蚀液体系中的阻值
R1/（Ω·cm2）腐蚀产物电容
C1/(F·cm2)腐蚀层的电荷转移电阻
R2/(Ω·cm2)腐蚀体系电荷移动阻值
R3/(Ω·cm2)常相位器件的电容Q/（10−5F·cm2） CPE2-T CPE2-P 9.18 1 5.23 63×10−6 36.6 7 965 42 9.85 02 58 690
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表 8 TC4熔覆层与316L不锈钢的极化参数
Table 8 Polarization parameters of TC4 cladding layer and 316L stainless steel
试样 自腐蚀电位Ecorr /V 自腐蚀电流Icorr /(10−5A·cm−2) TC4 熔覆层 −1.035 5 2.511 9 316L不锈钢 −1.113 7 14.454
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