Effect of O2 content on soldering quality in Sn-9Zn-2.5Bi-1.5In low-temperature wave soldering
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摘要: 制备了一种新型Sn-9Zn-2.5Bi-1.5In钎料，开发了一套波峰焊氮气保护系统，考察了该钎料在不同氧含量的环境下的焊接质量. 结果表明，开发的氮气保护系统通过增加氮气流量可以将焊接区域内的动态氧含量降低到0.06%以下. 降低焊接区氧含量，可显著减少桥连、填充不良、气孔3类缺陷的数量，将不良率控制在0.20%以内. 在氧含量0.50%的临界值以下，该钎料可在锡炉设定温度为225 ℃的条件下进行低温焊接，焊接效果满足规模化生产需求. 通过能谱分析发现氧化物表面Zn元素含量比Sn-9Zn-2.5Bi-1.5In钎料升高84.9%，Zn元素的易氧化倾向是导致钎料形成大量氧化渣的主要原因. 降低焊接区域的氧含量可以有效抑制氧化渣的形成.采用氮气保护的方法可以解决Sn-Zn钎料在高氧环境下易出现的焊接缺陷问题，从而实现225 ℃低温波峰焊.Abstract: A new Sn-9Zn-2.5Bi-1.5In solder is prepared, a wave soldering nitrogen protection system is developed, and the soldering quality of the solder under different oxygen content is investigated. The results show that the modified nitrogen protection system can reduce the dynamic oxygen content to less than 0.06% by increasing the nitrogen flow. Reducing O2 content in the soldering zone can significantly decrease the number of bridging, poor filling and pore defects, and the failure rate is controlled within 0.20%. Under the critical value of 0.50% oxygen content, the joint can be soldered at low temperature under the condition of 225 ℃ setting temperature. The soldering quality can meet the needs of large-scale production. EDS analysis shows that the content of Zn in the oxide dregs is increased by 84.9% compared with the original Sn-9Zn-2.5Bi-1.5In alloy, and the easy oxidation tendency of Zn leads to the formation of a large number of oxide slags. Reducing the oxygen content in the soldering zone can restrain the formation of oxide slags on the wave's surface. Nitrogen protection can solve the soldering defects of Sn-Zn alloy to realize low-temperature wave soldering at 225 ℃.
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图 2 波峰焊氮气保护系统示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of wave soldering nitrogen protection system
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图 4 合格及缺陷焊点示意图
Figure 4. Pictures of qualified and defective solder joints. (a) appearance of qualified joints; (b) X-ray results of qualified joints; (c) appearance of class A defect; (d) X-ray results of class A defect; (e) appearance of class B defect; (f) X-ray results of class B defect; (g) appearance of class C defect; (h) X-ray results of class C defect
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图 5 不同氧含量下焊接缺陷分布示意图
Figure 5. Distribution diagram of welding defects under different O2 content. (a) O2 content of 0.05%; (b) O2 content of 0.50%; (c) O2 content of 1.00%; (d) O2 content of 1.50%; (e) O2 content of 2.00%
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图 6 不同氧含量下3类缺陷数量的统计
Figure 6. Statistics on the number of 3 types of defects under different O2 content
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图 7 不同氧含量下焊点不良率
Figure 7. Defective rate of solder joints under different oxygen content
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图 8 氧化渣表面形貌及成分
Figure 8. Surface morphology and composition of oxidizing slag. (a) diagram of EDS analysis; (b) distribution of O; (c) distribution of Sn; (d) distribution of Zn; (e) distribution of Bi; (f) distribution of In
表 1 试验参数设置
Table 1 Experimental parameter settings
锡炉温度TS /℃ 轨道倾角θ/(°) 喷雾流量Q/(mL·min−1) 链速vc /(mm·min−1) 预热温度Tf /℃ 氧含量δ(%) 225 4.5 65 1200 130 ~ 170 0.05,0.50,1.00,1.50,2.00 
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表 2 各金属氧化物的标准生成吉布斯自由能
Table 2 Standard Gibbs free energy of formation for eachmetal oxide
氧化物 标准生成吉布斯自由能 $\Delta G_{{\rm{f,T}}}^0$ /(kJ·g−1)298 K 400 K 500 K 600 K SnO2 −260.2 −249.7 −239.7 −228.8 ZnO −318.6 −312.8 −298.5 −288.9 Bi2O3 −165.7 −156.5 −147.7 −138.3 In2O3 — — −180.5 −171.7 CuO −129.4 −119.7 −111.0 −101.7 Ag2O −10.5 −3.8 2.5 8.8 PbO −188.8 −178.8 −168.7 −159.5
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表 3 氧化渣表面EDS能谱分析结果(%)
Table 3 Results of EDS analysis on oxidizing slag surface
项目 Sn Zn Bi In O 氧化物质量分数 69.90 16.64 5.51 2.53 5.77 氧化物原子分数 47.07 20.35 1.97 1.76 28.85 锡锌合金质量分数 87.00 9.00 2.50 1.50 0
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