Effect of different component active fluxes on surface tension of weld pool in stainless steel
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摘要: 准确获取焊接条件下熔池金属表面张力的基础数据对深入理解焊接过程中熔池金属流动及传热机制、焊缝缺陷形成等具有重要意义，但实时测量十分困难. 采用激光视觉法测量了单一组元(TiO2，CaF2)及二组元(30%TiO2 + 70%CaF2，70%TiO2 + 30%CaF2)活性剂下304不锈钢脉冲钨极氩弧焊熔池振荡频率，并根据特定模式下熔池特征频率与表面张力的解析模型计算了熔池金属表面张力，分析了不同组元活性剂对熔池金属平均表面张力的影响规律，在此基础上研究了不同组元活性剂对焊缝熔深的影响和增加熔深的机理. 结果表明，TiO2能够改变熔池金属表面张力温度梯度，使熔池金属流动方向发生变化，CaF2能够降低熔池金属表面张力绝对值，使熔池金属流速增加；二组元活性剂增加熔深是熔池金属流速增加和表面张力温度梯度改变共同作用的结果.Abstract: Acquiring the basic data of the surface tension of molten metal under welding condition is of great significance for understanding the physical mechanism of weld process,such as metal flow behavior, heat transfer mechanism and defect formation.However, real-time measurement is very difficult. The oscillating frequency of weld pool in 304 stainless steel with single component (TiO2 ,CaF2 ) and two component (30%TiO2 + 70%CaF2 , 70%TiO2 + 30%CaF2) activating fluxes was measured by laser-vision method. According to the analytical model of the characteristic frequency and surface tension of the molten metal in a specific mode the surface tension of the molten metal was calculated. The influence of different components of the activating fluxes on the average surface tension of the molten metal is analyzed. Experimental results revealed that TiO2 activating flux can convert the surface tension gradient and change the flow direction of the molten metal. CaF2 activating flux can reduce the absolute value of surface tension and increase the flow velocity of the weld pool. The increase of penetration in two component activating flux is the result of the combination of the increase of the flow velocity of the weld pool and the change of surface tension temperature gradient.
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图 2 母材表面涂覆CaF2时典型的反射激光条纹
Figure 2. Typical reflected laser pattern image with CaF2 activating flux
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图 3 母材表面涂覆CaF2时熔池的振荡信号
Figure 3. Oscillation signal of weld pool with CaF2 activating flux. (a) time domain; (b) frequency domain
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图 4 不同组元活性剂下焊缝截面形貌
Figure 4. Cross-section of weld beads with different component activating fluxes. (a)10 s; (b)15 s
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图 5 不同组元活性剂下焊缝几何尺寸随焊接时间的变化
Figure 5. Change of weld geometry with welding time under different component activating fluxes. (a) weld width; (b) penetration depth
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图 7 不同组元活性剂下熔池平均表面张力随焊接时间的变化
Figure 7. Change of average surface tension of weld pool with average current under different component activating fluxes. (a) no flux; (b) TiO2; (c) CaF2; (d) 30%TiO2 + 70%CaF2; (e) 70%TiO2 + 30%CaF2
表 1 304不锈钢化学成分（质量分数，%）
Table 1 Chemical compositions of 304 stainless steel
C Mn P Si Cr Ni Cu N Mo Fe 0.001 5 1.59 0.028 0.048 18.17 8.01 0.057 9 0.053 1 0.037 4 余量 
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表 2 试验焊接参数
Table 2 Experimental weld parameters
峰值电流 IP/A 基值电流 Ib/A 占空比 σ (%) 脉冲频率 f1 /Hz 焊接时间 t/s 高速摄像采样频率 f2 /fps 170 60 40 3.5 5 ~ 25 1 000
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