Thermodynamic coupling numerical simulation and mechanical properties analysis of TC4 laser welding
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摘要:
为了准确预测TC4钛合金激光焊接过程的温度变化和焊接后的力学性能，文中通过ABAQUS子程序建立了激光焊温度场模型，对激光焊接温度场进行模拟分析，并研究了焊接过程中的温度变化及焊接后残余应力变化. 试验检测了焊接接头的硬度和表面残余应力，并分析了显微组织. 结果表明，当热循环温度峰值达到
2601 ℃时，熔池温度已显著高于液相线，熔池中无固相晶粒，主要呈现出材料熔化后凝固形成的少量柱状晶. 此外，越靠近焊缝的热影响区，晶粒越粗大，晶内马氏体的数量和密度也较高. 激光焊接后，焊缝区的显微硬度基本相同，表面显微硬度稍高，平均可达385 HV. 焊缝中间段沿焊接方向的纵向残余应力呈现均匀峰值，横向应力略小，纵向和横向中央平均应力误差分别为1.4%和2.9%，垂直焊缝方向的残余应力分布基本一致. 随后对焊接接头的力学性能进行了拉伸模拟研究，数值模拟得到的温度场和残余应力分布与试样焊后的组织形态和表面残余应力分布相符，拉伸试验和数值模拟的位移载荷变化数据相匹配，验证了激光焊接接头的温度场模型和拉伸断裂模型的可行性和准确性.Abstract:To accurately predict the temperature changes during the laser welding process of TC4 titanium alloy and the mechanical properties after welding, a laser welding temperature field model was established using ABAQUS subroutines. The temperature field during laser welding was simulated and analyzed, and the changes in temperature and residual stress during and after welding were studied. The hardness and surface residual stress of the welded joints were tested, and the microstructure was analyzed. The results showed that when the peak temperature of the thermal cycle reached
2601 ℃, the molten pool temperature was significantly higher than the liquidus line, there are no solid phase grains in the molten pool, but rather a small amount of columnar crystals formed after solidification. Additionally, the heat-affected zone near the weld had coarser grains, with higher quantity and density of martensite within the grains. After laser welding, the microhardness in the weld zone was consistent, with slightly higher surface microhardness, averaging 385 HV. The longitudinal residual stress along the welding direction showed a uniform peak in the middle of the weld, with slightly lower transverse stress. The average stress errors for the longitudinal and transverse central regions were 1.4% and 2.9%, respectively, and the residual stress distribution perpendicular to the weld direction was consistent. Subsequently, the mechanical properties of the welded joints were studied through tensile simulations. The temperature field and residual stress distribution obtained from numerical simulations matched the microstructure and surface residual stress distribution of the welded samples. The displacement-load data from tensile tests and numerical simulations also matched, proving the feasibility and accuracy of the laser welding temperature field model and the tensile fracture model.-
Keywords:
- laser welding /
- TC4 titanium alloy /
- numerical simulation /
- residual stress
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图 1 拉伸试样实物与尺寸图(mm)
Figure 1. Physical object and size diagram of tensile sample. (a) physical diagram of miniature tensile sample; (b) dimensional diagram of tensile sample
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图 2 焊接接头宏观形貌(mm)
Figure 2. Macroscopic morphology of welded joints. (a) cross-section of weld; (b) schematic diagram of measurement location
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图 3 激光焊接有限元模型示意图
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of finite element model for laser welding
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图 6 微型试样摘除引伸计前的真应力应变曲线
Figure 6. True stress-strain curve before microspecimen removal from extensometer
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图 7 模拟的各缺口试样三轴度应力分布
Figure 7. Three-axial stress distribution of simulated notched specimens
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图 8 模拟的各缺口试样参数曲线
Figure 8. Parameter curves of simulated notched specimens. (a) three-axial stress of TC4 base metal; (b) three-axial stress of TC4 weld
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图 9 不同焊接区的应力三轴性-断裂应变
Figure 9. Stress triaxiality-fracture strain for different welding zones
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图 10 实际和模拟的激光焊接接头横截面形态(mm)
Figure 10. Actual and simulated cross-sectional morphology of laser-welded joint
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图 11 激光焊接显微组织
Figure 11. Microstructure in laser-welded joint. (a) microstructure in base metal zone in region I; (b) microstructure in heat-affected zone in region Ⅱ; (c) microstructure in weld zone in region Ⅲ
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图 12 激光焊接内部温度场的三点热循环曲线
Figure 12. Three-point thermal cycle curve of laser welding internal temperature field
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图 13 不同时间焊接钛合金板的模拟温度分布云图
Figure 13. Simulated temperature distribution cloud images of titanium alloy plates welded at different times. (a) t =
0.4934 s; (b) t = 1.512 s; (c) t = 2.307 s; (d) t = 3.050 s![]()
图 14 残余应力分布云图
Figure 14. Cloud map of residual stress distribution. (a) along the weld direction; (b) perpendicular to the weld direction
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图 15 残余应力分布曲线
Figure 15. Residual stress distribution curve. (a) perpendicular to the weld direction; (b) along the weld direction
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图 16 拉伸仿真验证
Figure 16. Tensile simulation verification. (a) stress contour map before fracture; (b) stress contour map after fracture; (c) post-fracture image of laser-welded specimen; (d) displacement-load curve of experimental and simulated results
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图 17 断裂前试样伸拉应力分布
Figure 17. Tensile stress distribution of the specimen before fracture. (a) stress contour map under tension; (b) stress values at integration nodes along path 1
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图 18 断裂前试样剪切应力分布
Figure 18. Shear stress distribution of the specimen before fracture. (a) shear stress contour map; (b) shear stress value at integration node along path 2
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图 19 TC4激光焊接接头显微硬度
Figure 19. Microhardness distribution of TC4 laser-welded joints. (a) microhardness distribution; (b) average microhardness of weld zone
表 1 TC4钛合金化学成分(质量分数，%)
Table 1 Chemical composition of TC4 titanium alloy
Al V Fe C N H O Ti 6.02 3.79 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.013 0.065 余量 
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表 2 激光焊接参数
Table 2 Laser welding parameters
激光功率
P/W焊接速度
v /(m∙min−1)氩气流速
Q/(L∙min−1)光斑直径
dmn / mm离焦量
df /mm3000 2 6 1.5 2.6
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表 3 TC4 温度相关属性
Table 3 Temperature-related properties of TC4
温度
T/℃热导率
K/(W·(m·℃)−1)比热
C/(J·(kg·℃)−1)膨胀系数
α/(10−5℃−1)杨氏模量
E/GPa屈服强度
Rp0.2/MPa20 2001.2950 620 0.001919050 110 825 250 2494.7650 650 0.001924533 101 600 500 3454.2900 700 0.001930016 90 400 625 3372.0450 695 0.001935499 75 300 750 3481.7050 710 0.001935499 60 200 800 3563.9500 715 0.001938241 55 250 900 3618.7800 710 0.001940982 51 30 1000 3701.0250 720 0.001940982 50 35 1500 3714.7325 718 0.001946465 48 10 2000 3728.4400 717 0.001951948 45 5 2500 3742.1475 700 0.001960173 15 5
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表 4 TC4 固有属性
Table 4 Inherent properties of TC4 titanium alloy
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表 5 焊接接头的力学性能
Table 5 Mechanical properties of welded joints
力学性能 焊缝 母材 弹性模量 E/GPa 93.58 82.30 泊松比 μ 0.34 0.34 屈服强度 Rp0.2/MPa 748.84 997.00 硬化常数 B 812.00 998.00 硬化指数 n 0.47 0.44
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表 6 各试样对应的应力三轴度
Table 6 Stress triaxiality corresponding to each specimen
区域 应力三轴度$ {\mathrm{\sigma }}^{*} $ R0 R4 R2 R1 母材 0.333 0.461 0.522 0.578 焊缝 0.333 0.455 0.515 0.574
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表 7 焊接接头Johnson-Cook损伤模型参数表
Table 7 Johnson-Cook damage model parameters for welded joints
区域 断裂系数 D1 D2 D3 母材 −0.197 0.8251 − 1.9212 焊缝 −0.307 0.5133 − 1.0476
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